How does the immune system protect us from cancer?
As our bodies are growing and developing our cells are always dividing to form new
cells. This requires the cell to copy its genetic material so that the two new cells are
exact replicas of one another. This is a complicated process that sometimes goes
wrong. Most of the time, your immune system recognizes this “bad” copy, and the cell
is destroyed.

How to cancer cells escape the immune system?
Incredibly rarely, the immune system may not detect a mistake. When those “bad” cells
remain in the body and divide and grow, they can form a tumor or cancer. Cancer cells
are tricky and develop ways to avoid being destroyed by the immune system. Normally,
the immune system will make antibodies that recognize the surface of abnormal cells.

Cancer cells can actually decrease the markers on their surface so that they can “hide”
from the immune system. Cancer cells can also secrete substances that signal the
immune system to be quiet or turn off the immune system and recruit the white blood
cells that calm down the immune response. They can also create physical barriers that
protect them from the immune system or make the environment around them
inhospitable for white blood cells.
It is very hard for the immune system to overcome these cancer defense mechanisms.
Although there are ways to boost your immune system with dietary changes like taking
vitamins, cancer cells are usually too smart and powerful for even the healthiest of
immune systems to conquer on their own.

How can we help the immune system kill cancer cells?
Luckily, scientists are developing more and more ways to help the immune system
attack cancer cells. Using the immune system to treat cancer is called immunotherapy.
Immunotherapy comes in many different forms. Many types of immunotherapy are
designed for very specific types of cancer and not all cancers are susceptible to known
immunotherapy options – although we’re working on it!

Antibodies
One option is to give extra antibodies that are created in a lab that can attach to a
marker on the cancer cell surface. These antibodies will latch on to the cancer cells and
promote the body’s own white blood cells to kill the cells. Antibodies can also be given
with other medicines that help boost the immune response or together with
chemotherapy. For an antibody to work, you have to have a marker that is expressed
on most of the cancer cells. Sometimes, we have to test tumor cells to prove they have
the specific marker before we will give the antibodies. The most common tumor we
treat with an antibody is neuroblastoma.

Cellular therapy
Another option is to give a patient extra white blood cells. This can be the patient’s own
white blood cells that have been modified and are given back to the patient or white
blood cells that are collected from a donor and given to the patient.
Sometimes, a patient is just given extra white blood cells either alone or with
chemotherapy. Sometimes, the cells are modified or changed to make them more
effective against a patient’s specific cancer cells.

One specific type of cellular therapy is “tumor infiltrating lymphocytes” or TILs. TILs are
white blood cells that are naturally within or near the patient’s tumor. To be used as a
treatment, they are extracted from the patient’s tumor, expanded in a laboratory, and
given back to the patient.
Another type of modified cellular therapy is “chimeric antigen receptor T-cells” or “CAR
T-cells.” White blood cells called T-cells can directly kill invaders like bacteria or cancer
cells. They recognize what to kill through a receptor on their surface that identifies a
specific marker on the surface of their target. In a CAR T-cell, a receptor that is
attracted to a patient’s cancer cells is added to T-cells in the laboratory. Those T-cells
are expanded and then given back to the patient. These T-cells can then target the
cancer cells and kill them.

Cancer vaccines
Just like vaccines to prevent infection, scientists have developed vaccines against
cancer. When a patient receives the cancer vaccine, their immune system creates its
own antibodies to attack the cancer.

Checkpoint Inhibitors
One way that the immune system is prevented from attacking normal cells and causing
autoimmune diseases is through “off switches” called check points. Cancer cells can
also activate these “off switches” in an effort to evade the immune system. Check point
inhibitors are medicines that can block the “off switch” and keep the immune cells
turned on so they can attack the tumor cells.

Side effects
Most side effects of immunotherapies are related to over activation of the immune
system. You can see fevers and vital sign (respiratory rate, heart rate, blood pressure)
changes just like when the immune system is fighting an infection. You can also see
side effects that look like autoimmune disease – immune cells attacking normal cells.
For example, you can see inflammation of the lungs or GI tract.

Is immunotherapy for everyone?
Many immunotherapies are designed to treat specific cancers, and some cancers aren’t
as susceptible to attack by the immune system. More immunotherapy treatments are being
developed all the time. Talk to your child’s physician about what options exist for your child’s cancer.

– Dr. Sutton, Kathryn

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Pediatric oncology represents the specialized branch of medicine dedicated to the diagnosis, treatment, and care of cancers affecting children and adolescents. For families facing this challenging journey, understanding the key aspects of pediatric oncology can provide clarity, hope, and empowerment. Being informed about the types of cancers common in children, treatment options, and support systems enables families to make confident decisions and navigate the path ahead with resilience.

Common Childhood Cancers and Their Characteristics

Understanding which types of cancers fall under pediatric oncology is a foundational step for families. Unlike adult cancers, childhood cancers often stem from different cell types and require distinct treatment approaches.

Frequent Types of Pediatric Cancers

– Leukemia: The most common childhood cancer, characterized by abnormal white blood cells affecting the bone marrow and blood.

– Brain and spinal cord tumors: Tumors in the central nervous system requiring precise medical interventions.

– Neuroblastoma: Originates in immature nerve cells, often affecting infants and young children.

– Wilms tumor: Kidney cancer primarily affecting children under five years old.

– Lymphomas: Including Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin types, these cancers affect the lymphatic system.

The Importance of Early Detection

Early recognition of symptoms such as unexplained weight loss, persistent fatigue, or unusual lumps can dramatically improve treatment outcomes. Pediatric oncology teams emphasize regular checkups and awareness of warning signs, encouraging families to seek medical advice promptly if concerns arise.

Diagnostic Procedures in Pediatric Oncology

A thorough and accurate diagnosis forms the cornerstone of effective treatment in pediatric oncology. This process uses a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging, and laboratory tests tailored to each child’s situation.

Key Diagnostic Tools

– Physical Examination: Initial assessment to identify signs or symptoms.

– Imaging Studies: X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, and ultrasounds help visualize tumor size and location.

– Biopsy: Removal of tissue samples for microscopic examination to confirm cancer type.

– Blood Tests: Evaluate organ function and detect markers associated with cancer.

Multidisciplinary Approach for Diagnosis

Pediatric oncology typically involves a team including oncologists, radiologists, pathologists, and specialists who collaborate to ensure precise diagnosis. This teamwork enables personalized care plans addressing each child’s unique medical needs.

Treatment Modalities in Pediatric Oncology

Treatment strategies in pediatric oncology have evolved considerably, focusing on both curing cancer and minimizing long-term side effects. Families should be familiar with the main treatment options and their implications.

Common Treatments Explained

1. Chemotherapy: Use of drugs to destroy cancer cells, often administered in cycles to maximize effectiveness and allow recovery.

2. Radiation Therapy: Targeted use of high-energy rays to kill cancer cells or shrink tumors.

3. Surgery: Removal of tumors or affected tissue, sometimes combined with other treatments.

4. Immunotherapy and Targeted Therapy: Advanced treatments that stimulate the immune system or target specific genetic markers on cancer cells.

Managing Side Effects

Pediatric oncology care prioritizes managing side effects like nausea, hair loss, or fatigue through supportive therapies such as anti-nausea medications, nutritional support, and counseling. Families are encouraged to communicate openly with healthcare providers to mitigate discomfort.

Emotional and Psychological Support for Families

Pediatric oncology encompasses more than medical treatment; it addresses the emotional and psychological well-being of the child and family.

Support Systems Available

– Counseling Services: Professional guidance to help children and families process emotions.

– Support Groups: Community connections offering shared experiences and encouragement.

– Educational Resources: Information tailored to help parents and children understand treatment and cope effectively.

Role of Communication

Open, honest conversations between the care team, child, and family foster trust and reduce anxiety. Pediatric oncology teams often include child life specialists who use age-appropriate methods to explain procedures and treatments.

The Future of Pediatric Oncology: Advances and Hope

Research in pediatric oncology continues to drive breakthroughs, offering new hope to families. Precision medicine, genetic testing, and novel therapies are reshaping the landscape of childhood cancer care.

Emerging Technologies and Therapies

– Genetic Profiling: Enables personalized treatment targeting the specific mutations causing cancer.

– CAR T-cell Therapy: A form of immunotherapy showing promising results for certain leukemias.

– Clinical Trials: Opportunities for access to cutting-edge treatments not yet widely available.

Importance of Ongoing Care

Survivorship programs focus on long-term health monitoring to address late effects of treatment, ensuring children grow into healthy adults. Families should maintain regular follow-ups and report any concerns to their healthcare team.

Practical Tips for Families Navigating Pediatric Oncology

Facing pediatric oncology as a family requires practical strategies to manage the complex medical and emotional landscape.

– Stay Informed: Keep detailed records of appointments, treatments, and medication schedules.

– Build a Support Network: Engage with healthcare providers, support groups, and community resources.

– Advocate for Your Child: Don’t hesitate to ask questions or request second opinions.

– Focus on Daily Wellness: Balanced nutrition, physical activity as tolerated, and mental health care are vital.

– Utilize Available Resources: Organizations specializing in pediatric oncology can provide financial and logistical assistance.

For more detailed guidance and support, visit organizations such as the American Cancer Society (https://www.cancer.org) which offers extensive resources for families dealing with pediatric cancers.

Empowering Families Through Knowledge in Pediatric Oncology

Understanding pediatric oncology equips families with the tools to face cancer with confidence and courage. From recognizing symptoms to navigating treatment and accessing emotional support, each step benefits from informed involvement. Stay proactive, lean on your medical team, and embrace the advances in pediatric oncology that continue to improve outcomes for young patients.

If you or your family requires assistance or more information about pediatric oncology, please reach out directly at khmuhtadin.com for personalized support and guidance. Taking the first step to learn could make all the difference in your child’s journey toward healing.

The post Understanding Pediatric Oncology What Families Must Know appeared first on Kids Cancer Resources.

Even though this cancer is rare in children, being aware that it does occur is important to know, just in case. My son was diagnosed with a cancer that affects less than one in a million. You never know who you may help!

Find more resources for learning about childhood cancer at our blog, Information about Childhood Cancer.

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Article by: Katie Sutton M.D. - Pediatric Oncologist

One of my favorite parts of being a pediatrician, and a pediatric oncologist specifically, is the
opportunity to care for my patients AND their entire families. While all families support their child in
their own ways, there are certainly common threads among families who do this incredibly well. After
more than 10 years practicing pediatric oncology (and with some sage input from my solid tumor
colleagues – Drs. Stokes and Wasilewski and Melissa Martin, NP), here are some things we have found
to be incredibly helpful in this unbelievably challenging time.

Best Ways Parents Can Help in Childhood Cancer

1. “Put on your own oxygen mask before helping others.”  It can be tempting for families to pour their hearts and souls into caring for their ill child and neglect their personal care. Maintaining your own physical and mental health is essential to be able to provide the best care for your child.

2.“Humor is the best medicine.” Although cliché, this is incredibly true. Of course, there is nothing funny about a diagnosis of childhood cancer, but if you’re willing to watch for it, there is often humor in so many situations. Maintaining perspective, giving yourself grace, and being able to see the lighter side of things will not only help you stay sane, but also bring a sense of joy and brightness to your interactions with your child. Children are incredibly perceptive and feed off the stress of their parents, seeing the humor where there is some can lighten their load.   

3. Children continue to go through stages of development despite a cancer diagnosis.       They will continue to naturally mature and test boundaries, especially if they are toddlers or teens. Although it often seems natural to give in to all their requests when they are ill, maintaining some semblance of discipline is actually incredibly important for their long-term development and behavior. Of course, we want to do things to make them more comfortable, but children benefit from routine and reasonable rules. This is how they learn how to self-regulate and be successful in the present and as adults.

Talk with your child

Keep their age in mind while sharing information. Try to keep life as normal as possible.

Family Is Important

 

9. Name a family member or friend to help coordinate the multitude of community members who
will want to help you – folks will want to bring meals, gifts, etc. and while well-meaning, it can
easily become overwhelming. Similarly, it’s OK to set boundaries and let folks know when you
need some space.

10. Work hard to maintain the other relationships within the family. Your relationship with your
spouse and especially your relationships with your other children remain just as important, if
not even more important, than before your child’s diagnosis. Save time and space for them too.
Most importantly, know that you ARE ENOUGH. Be with your child, love on them, engage with
them. At the end of the day, you are exactly what they need.

The post Best Ways Parents Help Childhood Cancer appeared first on Kids Cancer Resources.

Article by: Katie Sutton, M.D. – Pediatric Oncologist

Research studies and clinical trials are how doctors learn about cancers and how to treat them.  Some studies simply collect information without guiding treatment.  For example, for many cancers there are “biology studies” or registries.  These studies allow us to learn about cancer.  Some things we might learn from this type of study include:

• How often a type of cancer occurs
• What type of patients are most commonly affected (infants vs teenagers, boys vs girls, patients of a specific race or ethnicity?)
• Information about the cancer such as what the cells look like under the microscope, common genetic changes, and common laboratory findings
• How often the tumor spreads to other sites

If your child participates in this type of study, information about them and their cancer will be collected.  For some studies, a blood or urine sample or a small leftover piece of tumor tissue may be saved or used in the laboratory.  You and your child’s healthcare team may or may not receive any information back from the researchers in this type of study.  This will be explained before you decide to participate.

What are the different stages of clinical trials?

Clinical trials help us understand how to treat cancers.  They are research studies that test new medicines or combinations of medicines.  There are different types of treatment studies called Phase 1, Phase 2, and Phase 3.  Each type of study has a different purpose.  Often before a medicine is tested in kids it goes through these steps in adults first.

Phase 1

• These are the very earliest studies for a new drug.  They involve a small number of patients.  The goal is to test the drug’s safety and to find the best dose of the medicine (usually the highest dose with acceptable side effects).  The investigators will be watching for signs that the medicine is working (“efficacy”), but this type of study is not designed to test how well the treatment works.  If the medicine is tolerable and safe it can move to Phase 2.

Phase 2

• These studies usually include more patients, although they are still small.  They use the dose of the medicine from the Phase 1 study and begin to evaluate if the medicine works.  The researchers will continue to monitor the safety of the treatment and what side effects patients have.  If the treatment is promising, it will move on to Phase 3.  

Phase 3

• These studies include the largest number of patients and are trying to prove the new medicine works to treat the cancer.  A Phase 3 study often compares the new medicine to the best known therapy (“standard of care”).  If the new medicine is found to be better, it will become the new standard of care moving forward.  Researchers continue to monitor for safety and side effects.

All phases of trials may also be trying to answer additional questions.  For example, studies may evaluate a patient’s quality of life or may test whether certain blood tests are helpful during treatment.  These will always be explained to you

For tips on how to talk with your child’s doctor about this and other issues, you can check out this blog for tips!

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It’s hard not knowing how to help or explain things to children. One of the first things I asked for were books about childhood cancer to help my kids. I developed “My Coping Skills Coloring Book for Cancer Kids and Families” to share the feelings my family experienced and what we did about to feel better. This coloring book shares how kids may feel during a cancer journey. There are detailed pictures to color. It also shares different ways to cope with negative feelings and encourages creativity. It’s also available for free by clicking the link!

Here are a few other books about childhood cancer we were given from the hospital that help siblings understand more about cancer. They gave us a way to explain to our older boys why their baby brother was in the hospital. I really liked how I Have a Question About Cancer by Arlen Gaines answered questions about the body. It’s so helpful for curious minds because it describes the in and outs of the disease, including what happens to the cells. Hi, My Name is Jack by Christina Beall-Sullivan is a book about how you feel when your brother or sister is going through cancer. It especially takes a look at negative feelings. Jamie’s Journey by Sharon Wonzy is written more like a story, describing the cancer journey. Jamie is the sister of Jordan who has cancer and is sharing her thoughts. At the end, it has room to journal your own thoughts and feelings.

What’s one of your favorite books for childhood cancer? Let me know at lexi@cancerkidsresources.com

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S

chedules and routines tend to go out the window after a childhood cancer diagnosis. Everyone has to find a new normal in between hospital visits, family separations, and relying on community support. Our kids feel this disruption whether they are in treatment or a sibling. For us, after losing our little Cayden, the whole family went through a whirlwind of emotions and changes that left everyone out of balance. After a while, I felt something was needed to help with falling asleep and staying asleep at night so I created this sleep chart for kids. It can (and was) used as a chore chart as well!

This sleep chart for kids works because it adds an incentive for your child to do the desired task. First, teach how to do what you are asking (deep breathing, imagination, etc). After you are confident they know what to do, but they are not motivated to do it, bring in the chart. In this case, they track how fast they fall asleep. They write down the points they earned. At the end of the week, you decide how to reward them! I used one quarter per point. You can also use dimes, free time minutes or candy. I also used this as a chore chart. It was extremely motivating for my kids! I saw them do a complete turn around immediately after starting this chart. Every day for the month wasn’t perfect and I was happy that they were honest about their points. Overall, we saw dramatic improvement! This was maintained even after the month (and my piggy bank) ran dry.

Try Sleep Chart for Kids!

If you would like a copy of the sleep chart for kids or a chore chart, please fill out the form. I will send a copy to your email. If fear is holding your child back from sleeping, or anything else, try the The Calm Down Kit from My Brave Guide. I used this to go over strategies to relax before sharing the chart. I also referred to them during nights that were tougher. The chart, combined with specific instruction and tips, worked wonders!

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Video Information about Childhood Cancer

Two YouTube channels that have great general information come from the National Cancer Institute and Icon Cancer Centre. The National Cancer Institute has a playlist called “When a Child Has Cancer” and it has information on how to keep notes when the doctor comes in, how to talk to your child and how to support your child at home. With the Icon Cancer Centre has some general information available in different languages such as Vietnamese and Bahasa. YouTube is also great for searching up specific side effects or conditions your child may have. I found this very helpful and used the information to ask my doctor questions.

Podcast Information

A great podcast if you are interested in the nitty gritty science behind childhood cancer treatments, protocols and side effects, is Understanding Childhood Cancer with Dr. Geoff. It is potentially overwhelming because it does include medical terminology. The talks can be hard to follow for a long time with many uncommon terms. It does have great answers and information if you are quick to pick things up or are willing to take the time to google terms or concepts that are not familiar. The Lighthouse Podcast shares stories from families who have gone on a cancer journey and has some informational episodes. It’s great because it’s parent to parent. It is easy to relate to and hearing about trials or resources other families tried is helpful.

Blog Information about Childhood Cancer

We at Cancer Kids Resources provide information on that is helps children and families cope on a cancer journey. We have blogs that share about resources we have experience with and have used. There is also information on how communities can provide support for people they know who have a child with cancer. Alex’s Lemonade Stand has a blog that shares information on research ideas. They also share facts about different types of cancer.

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